Table 1. Involvement of different molecular mechanisms in memory destabilisation before and after its reactivation in the amygdala.
Timing | Target | Reference | Task | Species | Drug | Infusion Time | Reconsolidation Inhibitor | Outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-reexposure | NMDA | [6] | AFC | Rat | AP5 / Ifenprodil | 10 min | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | |||
[7] | AFC | Rat | Ifenprodil | Immediately | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | |||||
[22] | CFC | Mouse | Ifenprodil | 5 min | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | |||||
[14] | CPP | Mouse | MK-801 / Ifenprodil | 30 min | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | |||||
[14] | CPP | Mouse | NVP-AAM077 | 30 min | Anisomycin | No effect | |||||
AMPA | [23] | CTA | Rat | NBQX | 20 min | Anisomycin | Impairs retrieval | ||||
[7] | AFC | Rat | LY293558 | Immediately | Anisomycin | No effect | |||||
GluA2 endocytosis | [10] | AFC | Rat | Tat-GluA23Y | 60 min | Anisomycin / NASPM | Blocks destabilisation | ||||
[12] | AFC | Rat | Tat-GluA23Y | 15 min | Anisomycin + tBC | Blocks destabilisation | |||||
Calcineurin | [13] | IA | Mouse | FK506 | 5 min | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation and memory enhancement | ||||
[14] | CPP | Mouse | CyA / FK506 | 30 min | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | |||||
Dopamine receptors | [9] | AC | Rat | SCH23390 / Raclopride | Immediately | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | ||||
[9] | AC | Rat | α-flupenthixol | Immediately | Anisomycin | No effect | |||||
PP1 | [14] | CPP | Mouse | Calyculin A / Okadaic acid | 30 min | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | ||||
Autophagy | [12] | AFC | Rat | Spautin-1 | 15 min | Anisomycin | Partially blocks destabilisation | ||||
[12] | AFC | Rat | tBC | 15 min | Anisomycin | Enhances destabilisation | |||||
Post-reexposure | NMDA | [6] | AFC | Rat | AP5 / Ifenprodil | Immediately | Anisomycin | No effect | |||
UPS | [11] | CFC / AFC | Rat | β-lactacystin | Immediately | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation | ||||
[13] | IA | Mouse | β-lactacystin | Immediately | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilization and memory ennhancement | |||||
CaMKII | [15] | CFC | Rat | Myr-AIP | Immediately | Anisomycin | Blocks destabilisation |
Table shows the time of infusion, target molecule, reference, behavioural task, species, drugs used to block reconsolidation and destabilisation and behavioural outcome. All reconsolidation and labilization blockers were injected in the amygdala. α-flupenthixol, non-subtype selective dopamine receptor antagonist; β-lactacystin, clasto-Lactacystin-b-lactone; AC, appetitive conditioning; AFC, auditory fear conditioning; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; AP5, 2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid, NMDA antagonist; Calyculin A, PP1 inhibitor; CaMKII, calcium–calmodulin dependent protein kinase II; CFC, contextual fear conditioning; CPP, conditioned place preference; CTA, conditioned taste aversion; CyA, Cyclosporin A, calcineurin inhibitor; FK-506, calcineurin inhibitor; GluA2, A2 subunit of the AMPA receptor; IA, inhibitory avoidance; Ifenprodil, GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor antagonist; LY293558, AMPA receptor antagonist; MK-801, dizolcipine, NMDA antagonist; Myr-AIP, myristoylated autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide, CaMKII inhibitor; NASPM, 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine, Ca++-permeable AMPA receptor antagonist; NBQX, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline AMPA receptor antagonist; NMDA, N-methyl D-aspartate; NVP-AAM077, GluN2A-containing NMDA receptor antagonist; Okadaic acid, PP1 inhibitor; PP1, protein phosphatase 1; Raclopride, D2 receptor antagonist; SCH23390, D1 receptor antagonist; Spautin-1, inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific peptidases 10 and 13; Tat-GluA23Y, interference peptide disrupting GluA2 endocytosis; tBC, retro-inverso Tat-beclin 1 peptide D-amino acid sequence, autophagy inducer; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system.