Fig. 1.

Chronotype is associated with clinical response to lithium. a Li-R subjects (entered the maintenance phase, N = 135) were significantly higher in trait morningness at baseline compared to Li-NR (those who failed to stabilize, N = 57). b Those who failed to stabilize mood (N = 58) and those who suffered mood relapse during maintenance (N = 41) were similarly low in morningness. Morningness was highest in those who remained stable for 2-years (N = 63). Morningness is negatively correlated with c baseline depression (for absent/mild/moderate/severe/extreme N = 69/52/31/44/14) d baseline symptoms of mania (for absent/mild/moderate/severe N = 148/26/9/6). e Morningness is negatively correlated with past suicide attempts (N = 135 no attempt / N = 54 past attempt). Numbers vary slightly across analyses due to missing data. Box plots indicate minimum, maximum and mean values. Error bars indicate SEM. * Indicates p < 0.05