Table 2.
Effects of slow breathing on blood pressure, arterial stiffness indices, 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance and echocardiographic parameters before and after 3 months for the entire cohort
| Parameter | Baseline | 3 M FU | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Office SBP (mmHg) | 116 ± 11 | 100 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
| Central SBP (mmHg) | 119 ± 17 | 116 ± 17 | 0.64 |
| Daytime SBP (mmHg) | 112 ± 8 | 111 ± 9 | 0.69 |
| Night-time SBP (mmHg) | 100 ± 7 | 102 ± 9 | 0.52 |
| Office DBP (mmHg) | 72 ± 9 | 83 ± 9 | < 0.001 |
| Central DBP(mmHg) | 75 ± 8 | 73 ± 8 | 0.36 |
| Daytime DBP (mmHg) | 69 ± 8 | 69 ± 6 | 0.96 |
| Night-time DBP (mmHg) | 58 ± 6 | 61 ± 6 | 0.07 |
| Office HR (mmHg) | 72 ± 11 | 75 ± 12 | 0.25 |
| PWV (m/s) | 6.8 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 0.30 |
| LVEF (%) | 23.9 ± 5.8 | 25.9 ± 7.1 | 0.10 |
| LVEDd (mm) | 73.8 ± 9.7 | 75.3 ± 11.1 | 0.45 |
| LVESd (mm) | 63.2 ± 10.3 | 64.3 ± 11.8 | 0.53 |
| LVEDV (ml) | 288.9 ± 98.0 | 311.9 ± 100.3 | 0.077 |
| LVESV (ml) | 206.1 ± 86.3 | 224.8 ± 81.3 | 0.18 |
| IVST (mm) | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 0.01 |
| PWT (mm) | 9.3 ± 1.2 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 0.45 |
| LA (mm) | 47.9 ± 6.4 | 47.2 ± 10.4 | 0.98 |
| LAA (cm2) | 29.5 ± 6.9 | 30.5 ± 6.9 | 0.26 |
| IVC (mm) | 7.3 ± 5.5 | 5.4 ± 5.9 | 0.21 |
| RAA (cm2) | 22.6 ± 10.5 | 24.0 ± 11.3 | 0.58 |
| RVID (mm) | 38.5 ± 8.3 | 39.3 ± 9.1 | 0.30 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 19.4 ± 4.7 | 19.4 ± 3.6 | 0.95 |
| RVSP (mmHg) | 40.2 ± 14.5 | 38.5 ± 16.6 | 0.25 |
| E/E′ ratio | 10.6 ± 3.4 | 11.3 ± 4.5 | 0.51 |
| 6MWT (m) | 422.7 ± 109.3 | 450.8 ± 92.4 | 0.057 |
Values expressed as mean ± SD
Data available on central BP (n = 16), ABPM (n = 18) and echocardiography (n = 20) at both visits
SBP indicates systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate; bpm, beat per minute, PWV pulse wave velocity, 6MWT 6-minute walk test, LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction, LVEDd LV end-diastole diameter, LVESd LV end-systole diameter, LVEDV LV end-diastole volume, LVESV LV end-systole volume, IVST intraventricular septum thickness, PWT posterior wall thickness, LA left atrium, LAA LA area, IVC inferior vena cava (on expiration), RAA right atrium area, RVID right ventricular internal diameter, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RVSP right ventricle systolic pressure, E/E′ the ratio of transmitral Doppler early filling velocity to tissue Doppler early diastolic mitral annual velocity