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. 2019 Jan 9;9:1928. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01928

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Copyright © 2019 Ni, Gui, Tan, Zhu, Liu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ultrastructure of aerenchyma formation at late phase in H. annuus stems. (A) At the third day of WA treatment, many secretory vesicles (arrowhead) were observed around the plastid. (B) The plastids thylakoids became indistinct, and the number of secretory vesicles (arrowhead) decreased. (C) Plastid degradation. (D) The cell around the aerenchyma became flattened and the two sides of the collapsing cell wall was nearly aggregated together. (E) Vesicles containing granule materials were released into the interlayer between the plasma membrane and cell wall (arrowhead). (F) At the fourth day of WA treatment, plasma membrane invagination (arrow) and rupture (arrowhead) were observed. (G) Cell wall collapse (arrow). (H) The broken cell walls became thin and transparent. There are three different pictures was analyzed for each state. Bar: (A–C,F) = 1 μm, (D) = 2.5 μm, the others = 0.5 μm.