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. 2019 Jan 9;12:1015. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01015

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Copyright © 2019 Duarte, Skoug, Silva, Carvalho, Gruetter and Cunha.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Caffeine consumption improves spatial working memory deficits in diabetic GK rats. GK rats displayed reduced spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, when compared to controls, but not if treated with caffeine for 4 months (A). The number of entries in the Y-maze arms was lower in GK compared to control rats irrespective of caffeine consumption (B). The number of crossings in the open-field arena was unaltered by diabetes or caffeine consumption (C), but the number of rearing events was reduced upon chronic caffeine consumption (D). Data are mean ± SEM of 8 rats per group. Symbols represent LSD test results after ANOVA with either significant diabetes effect or significant diabetes-caffeine interaction: ^*P < 0.05 for GK vs. Wistar in the respective treatment group or as indicated.