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. 2018 Feb 9;9(1):21–29. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmx009

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Schematic overview of the mechanisms by which butyrate affects glucose and lipid metabolism. MCTs are involved in butyrate transport in colonic luminal membrane. For glucose metabolism, butyrate increases PYY and GLP-1 expression in the colon via GPR41 and GPR43. GLP-1 increases insulin and decreases glucagon production in the pancreas, and PYY increases glucose uptake in the muscle and adipose tissue. Meanwhile, butyrate decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis. For lipid metabolism, butyrate increases FA oxidation in the muscle and decreases lipolysis via the GPR43 pathway in white adipose tissue. In addition, butyrate is converted to FAs, cholesterol, and ketone bodies in the liver. GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GPR, orphan G protein–coupled receptor; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; PYY, peptide YY.