Table 1.

Reported Rap‐Phr systems in B. subtilis isolates.

Rap Protein	Phr peptide	Location of cassette	Physiological function regulated	References
RapA	PhrA	Chromosome	Control of sporulation initiation; Dephosphorylates Spo0F	(Perego et al., 1994; Perego and Hoch, 1996)
RapB	‐ (PhrC inhibits RapB)	Chromosome	Control of sporulation initiation; Dephosphorylates Spo0F	(Perego et al., 1994; Perego, 1997)
	(Perego, 1997)
RapC	PhrC	Chromosome	Control of ComA activity; Interacts with ComA and ComA~P	(Solomon et al., 1996; Lazazzera et al., 1999; Auchtung et al., 2006)
RapD	–	Chromosome	Inhibition of surfactin production; Control of ComA activity	(Ogura and Fujita, 2007)
RapE	PhrE	Chromosome	Control of sporulation initiation; Dephosphorylates Spo0F	(Jiang et al., 2000)
RapF	PhrF	Chromosome	Control of ComA activity; Interacts with ComA and ComA~P	(Bongiorni et al., 2005; Auchtung et al., 2006)
RapG	PhrG	Chromosome	Control of DegU; Interacts with DegU~P	(Ogura et al., 2003; Hayashi et al., 2006)
RapH	PhrH	Chromosome	Control of sporulation initiation and ComA activity; Dephosphorylates Spo0F	(Hayashi et al., 2006; Mirouze et al., 2011)
				(Parashar et al., 2011)
RapI	PhrI	Chromosome	Control of transfer of mobile genetic element ICEBs1; Dephosphorylates Spo0F	(Rosch and Graumann, 2015)
			Crystal structure of RapI	(Parashar et al., 2013a)
RapJ	–	Chromosome	Control of Spo0A phosphorelay	(Parashar et al., 2011)
			Crystal structure of RapJ with CSF:	(Parashar et al., 2013a)
RapK	PhrK	Chromosome	Control of ComA activity	(Auchtung et al., 2006; Parashar et al., 2013a)
RapP	PhrP	pBS32	Control of biofilm formation (via modulation of ComA activity); PhrP does not counteract RapP due to a mutation in rapP.	(Parashar et al., 2013b)
RapQ	PhrQ	pBSG3	Control of sporulation, surfactin production and competency	(Yang et al., 2015)
Rap60	Phr60	pTA1060	Control of secreted protease production	(Koetje et al., 2003)
RapLS20	PhrLS20	pLS20	Control of plasmid conjugation	(Singh et al., 2013; Rosch and Graumann, 2015)