Table 4.
Logistic regression analysis of socioeconomic predictors of willingness-to-pay for solid waste management services.
| Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)∗ | — |
| Male gender | ||
| Male | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | — |
| Female | 1.00 | — |
| Educational level | ||
| No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Basic education | 1.53 (0.96, 2.46) | 1.76 (1.01, 3.06)∗ |
| Senior high school | 1.94 (1.26., 2.30)∗∗ | 2.52 (1.48, 4.30)∗∗ |
| Postsecondary | 1.51 (0.92, 2.49) | 1.97 (1.08, 3.60)∗ |
| Tertiary | 2.19 (1.47, 3.26)∗∗∗ | 3.30 (1.91, 5.69)∗∗∗ |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cohabiting | 1.20 (0.97, 1.47) | 1.47 (1.13, 1.93)∗∗ |
| Single | 1.01 (0.56, 1.84) | 3.61 (1.53, 8.52)∗∗ |
| Widowed/divorced | 0.77 (0.42, 1.43) | 0.32 (0.12, 0.81)∗ |
| Employed | ||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.09, 2.45)∗ | — |
| No | 1.00 | — |
| Area of occupation | ||
| Government (civil servants) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private | 0.81 (0.60, 1.08) | 0.56 (0.40, 0.81)∗∗ |
| Self-employment (informal sector) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) |
| Description of income level | ||
| Less than 500 GHC | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 500–1000 GHC | 1.30 (0.95, 1.77) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.64) |
| 1100–2000 | 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.04) |
| 2100–3000 | 0.92 (0.59, 1.45) | 0.70 (0.42, 1.15) |
| 3100–5000 | 1.62 (1.02, 2.55)∗ | 1.07 (0.63, 1.83) |
| Rate of socioeconomic status | ||
| Very rich | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rich | 1.71 (1.00, 1.29)∗ | 1.57 (0.84, 2.95) |
| Moderately rich | 0.63 (0.41, 0.94)∗ | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) |
| Poor | 0.31 (0.18, 0.53)∗∗∗ | 0.28 (0.14, 0.51)∗∗∗ |
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 1.26 (1.00, 1.59)∗ | — |
| Periurban | 1.00 | — |
| Description of residency | ||
| Estate | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| New site | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) |
| Inner city/old town | 0.90 (0.68, 1.19) | 1.22 (0.85, 1.74) |
| Slums/zongos/others | 0.55 (0.37, 0.92)∗∗ | 0.74 (0.46, 1.20) |
| Region | ||
| Western | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Northern | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.58) |
| Greater accra | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) |
| Ashanti | 1.32 (0.99, 1.76) | 1.52 (1.04,2.22)∗ |
SWM, solid waste management. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001.