Table 1.
Comparison of different metabolite levels between the control and DEN group during the different time period after DEN treatment.
| Metabolites | Chemical shift | 3-Weeks | 8-Weeks | 15-Weeks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | DEN | CON | DEN | CON | DEN | ||
| Energy metabolism | |||||||
| α-Glucose | δ 5.22 | 3.26±0.14 | 2.64±0.24∗ | 3.09±0.23 | 1.75±0.09∗∗∗ | 3.44±0.14 | 1.64±0.05∗∗∗ |
| β-Glucose | δ 4.65 | 3.4±0.17 | 2.77±0.26 | 3.21±0.27 | 1.85±0.10∗∗∗ | 3.54±0.22 | 1.66±0.05∗∗∗ |
| Succinate | δ 2.40 | 7.91±0.46 | 8.03±0.43 | 7.27±0.37 | 8.36±0.37 | 6.55±0.42 | 6.50±0.30 |
| Fumarate | δ 6.50 | 0.22±0.03 | 0.27±0.02 | 0.26±0.02 | 0.29±0.02 | 0.24±0.02 | 0.25±0.03 |
| Lactate | δ 1.33 | 10.88±0.41 | 10.08±0.95 | 9.40±0.73 | 11.72±0.62∗ | 9.70±0.44 | 12.60±0.59∗∗∗ |
| Creatine | δ 3.02 | 1±0.07 | 0.92±0.13 | 0.87±0.04 | 0.77±0.04 | 0.99±0.07 | 1.73±0.22∗∗∗ |
| Lipid metabolism | |||||||
| Acetate | δ 1.90 | 0.85±0.03 | 0.92±0.06 | 0.80±0.04 | 0.78±0.02 | 0.81±0.05 | 1.11±0.02∗∗∗ |
| Amino acid metabolism | |||||||
| Valine | δ 1.04 | 0.88±0.03 | 0.94±0.05 | 0.86±0.04 | 0.84±0.03 | 0.83±0.05 | 1.09±0.04∗∗∗ |
| Isoleucine | δ 0.94 | 0.56±0.02 | 0.6±0.04 | 0.58±0.03 | 0.42±0.02∗∗ | 0.54±0.03 | 0.57±0.02 |
| Leucine | δ 0.98 | 1.27±0.03 | 1.41±0.08 | 1.26±0.04 | 1.04±0.04∗∗ | 1.32±0.08 | 1.47±0.04 |
| Glutamate | δ 2.35 | 2.51±0.13 | 3.05±0.18∗ | 2.56±0.18 | 3.95±0.22∗∗∗ | 2.49±0.17 | 5.22±0.21∗∗∗ |
| Alanine | δ 1.48 | 3.8±0.11 | 3.66±0.16 | 3.68±0.19 | 4.39±0.14∗∗ | 3.60±0.09 | 3.20±0.10∗∗ |
| Lysine | δ 1.70 | 2.7±0.08 | 2.97±0.17 | 2.66±0.13 | 2.44±0.07 | 2.67±0.16 | 3.64±0.09∗∗∗ |
| Betaine | δ 3.30 | 3.27±0.27 | 4.32±0.5 | 3.21±0.35 | 15.48±1.2∗∗∗ | 3.00±0.22 | 3.68±0.28 |
| Histidine | δ 7.10 | 0.89±0.03 | 1.02±0.04∗ | 1.00±0.08 | 1.03±0.03 | 0.88±0.04 | 1.07±0.05∗∗ |
| Glutamine | δ 2.45 | 8.61±0.12 | 9.03±0.07∗ | 8.62±0.05 | 9.34±0.11∗∗∗ | 8.56±0.11 | 9.54±0.09∗∗∗ |
| Glycine | δ 3.55 | 3.48±0.16 | 3.82±0.14 | 3.60±0.19 | 3.57±0.19 | 3.92±0.17 | 7.11±0.38∗∗∗ |
| Other metabolites | |||||||
| Glutathione | δ 2.90 | 1.66±0.06 | 2.05±0.05∗∗∗ | 1.87±0.07 | 2.43±0.08∗∗∗ | 1.84±0.05 | 2.69±0.08∗∗∗ |
| Ethanol | δ 1.20 | 3.44±0.36 | 3.78±0.39 | 3.31±0.40 | 3.29±0.34 | 3.40±0.27 | 3.75±0.39 |
| Choline | δ 3.20 | 0.76±0.07 | 0.74±0.06 | 0.48±0.04 | 0.38±0.02∗ | 0.82±0.11 | 0.90±0.07 |
| Cytidine | δ 5.90 | 0.24±0.01 | 0.23±0.01 | 0.24±0.01 | 0.18±0.01∗∗ | 0.16±0.01 | 0.15±0.01 |
| Hypoxanthine | δ 8.20 | 2.52±0.08 | 2.62±0.13 | 2.63±0.10 | 1.82±0.06∗∗∗ | 2.45±0.13 | 2.18±0.14 |
| Niacinamide | δ 7.60 | 0.47±0.06 | 0.44±0.04 | 0.41±0.02 | 0.31±0.03∗ | 0.63±0.06 | 0.59±0.04 |
| Inosine | δ 8.30 | 0.57±0.02 | 0.59±0.02 | 0.59±0.03 | 0.44±0.02∗∗∗ | 0.59±0.03 | 0.53±0.02 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SE. CON, control group; DEN, DEN-induced group. Significant levels: ∗p< 0.5, ∗∗p< 0.01, and ∗∗∗p< 0.001, compared with control group, which were FDR correction for p values calculated from independent samples t-test.