Table 1.
Summary of the applications of smartphone‐based diagnostics and sensing
| Disease/Pathology (Discipline) | Biomarker | Sample | Detection mode | Comments | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaria (Infectious disease diagnostics) | Plasmodium falciparum | Whole blood | Brightfield |
Sensitivity = 90% Specificity = 90% |
161 |
| Cystic fibrosis, emphysema (Pulmonology) | Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor | – | Electrochemical (Potentiometry) | LOD = 1 nmol L−1 | 160 |
| Dialysis‐related amyloidosis (Nephrology) | β2‐Microglobulin | – | SPR | LOD = 0.1 μg/mL | 156 |
| AIDS, hepatitis and flu (Virology) | HIV Hepatitis B and C Influenza | Whole blood, serum and plasma | Fluorescence (QDs) | LOD = 103 copies per mL | 154 |
| Gastroenteritis (Microbiology) | E. coli O157:H7 | fat‐free milk | Fluorescence (QDs) | LOD = 5–10 cfu mL−1 | 152 |
| Giardiasis (Infectious disease diagnostics) | Giardia cysts | Water | Fluorescence | ~1 cfu mL−1 | 20 |
| Skin cancer (Oncology) | Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus | Skin biopsy | Fluorescence (Thermal PCR) | Assay time = 30 min | 151, 163, 164 |
| Anaemia, leukaemia (Haematology) | WBC, RBC counts | Blood | Fluorescence and brightfield | <10% error in cell densities | 165 |
| Anaemia, leukaemia (Haematology) | Blood types/haematocrit level | Blood | Brightfield | 15% prediluted blood; 3 μL volume | 147 |
| Hormone profiles (Endocrinology, gynaecology) | Pregnanediol glucuronide | Urine | Colorimetric | Accuracy = 82.20% | 112 |
| Stress, anxiety and depression (Endocrinology, psychiatry) | Cortisol | Saliva | Chemiluminescence | LOD = 0.3 ng mL−1 | 114 |
| AIDS, flu and haemorrhagic fever (Virology) | HIV‐1‐p17 hemagglutinin dengue virus type I | Plasma blood | Bioluminescence | LOD = 100 pM | 153, 166 |
| Haemorrhagic fevers (Infectious disease diagnostics) | Zika Chikungunya, dengue viruses | Blood Urine Saliva | Fluorescence | LOD = 22 PFU mL−1 | 140 |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis (Infectious disease diagnostics) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | – | Colorimetric (AuNP‐enhanced) |
time = 65 min LOD = 10 μg mL−1 |
167 |
| Herpes (Virology) | Herpesvirus | – | Colorimetric (AuNPs‐enhanced) | LOD = 5 nmol L−1 | 151 |
| Prostate cancer (Oncology) | Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) | Whole blood |
Colorimetric Fluorescence |
Colorimetric detection: Assay time = 13 min LOD = 0.4 ng mL−1 Fluorescence detection Assay time = 22 min LOD = 0.08 ng mL−1 |
137 |
| Colorectal cancer (Digital oncology) | Oncogene KRAS mutations | Tumour tissue sections | Fluorescence (Targeted ISS) | LOD: 1, fM; 1 : 1000, mutant: wild type ratio | 13 |
| Mild traumatic brain injury (Neurology) | Brain‐derived exosomes | Serum | Fluorescence |
Assay time = 1 h LOD = 107 exosomes per mL |
133 |