Table 1.
Metabolic pathways in phagocytic cell subsets. The table denotes metabolic pathways utilized by specific phagocytic cells for cellular functions. (ROS, reactive oxygen species; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; FAS, fatty acid synthesis; TAM, tumor associated macrophage; CARKL, carbohydrate kinase‐like protein; NET, neutrophil extracellular traps)
| Glycolysis | PPP | OXPHOS/ ETC | TCA cycle | Fatty acids | Amino acids | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMDM + LPS/IFN‐γ | Enhanced: Survival and Cytokines28 | Enhanced: ROS, NO, Redox, RNA34 | Shut down via NO27 and itaconic acid112 | Broken38: Itaconic acid, Lipids, Cytokines28 | Enhanced FAO & FAS: Cytokines135, 136 | |
| BMDM + IL‐4 | Enhanced: Phenotype maintenance35 | Shut down via CARKL: Phenotype maintenance34 | Enhanced: ATP, Phenotype maintenance33 | Enhanced FAO & FAS: Phenotype maintenance33, 36 | Glutamine: protein modifications maintain phenotype38
Arginine: Polyamines, Proline for proliferation/ repair137, 138 |
|
| cDC + LPS | Enhanced: Survival26 and Cytokines24 | Enhanced: ROS, NO, Redox, RNA139 | Shut down via NO26 | Enhanced: Lipid production139 | Enhanced FAS: Phenotype maintenance139 | Arginine: NO production26 |
| pDC + CpG | Delayed enhancement: Cytokine production140 | Enhanced: Cytokine production140 | Enhanced FAS & FAO: Cytokine production140 | |||
| Peritoneal ResMΦ (+phagocytosis) | Enhanced: ATP production64 | Enhanced: ROS production64 | Enhanced: Phagocytosis, ROS production, microbial killing64 | Complex II enhanced: ROS production64 | Enhanced FAO after Il‐4: Phenotype, proliferation36 | Glutamine & Glutamate: ROS production. Basal arginase expression64 |
| Neutrophils/ gMDSC | Enhanced: ATP production64 | |||||
| TAM/mMDSCs | Lactate stabilized HIF1a in TAMs106 ‐ induced glycolysis? | T‐cell Suppressive function | Arginine (via arginase) and Tryptophan (via IDO): T cell suppression in tumor141, 142, 143, 144 |