Table 1.
Patients and controls.
| PATIENTS | CONTROLS | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FE+ GAD ab 13 | BMTS 8 | UMTS 9 | ||
| YEARS (RANGE) | YEARS (RANGE) | YEARS (RANGE) | ||
| Age | 51 (24–83) | 52(39–66) | 46(29–68) | NS |
| Age at epilepsy onset | 36(11–72) | 16.(2–45) | 14(1–34) | 0.004 |
| Disease duration | 14 (5–53) | 35(18–55) | 32 (8–49) | 0.005 |
| NUMBER (%) | NUMBER (%) | NUMBER (%) | ||
| Gender: Male | 6 (46) | 4 (57) | 5 (55) | NS |
| FOCAL AWARENESS | ||||
| No awareness | 5 (33) | 6 (75) | 0 (0) | 0.045 |
| Psychic | 5 (33) | 1 (14) | 3 (33) | |
| Epigastric | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 4 (44) | |
| Taste/olfactory | 0 (0) | 1 (14) | 0 (0) | |
| Somatosensorial | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Visual | 2 (16) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Autonomic | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | |
| Motor | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Musicogenic reflex seizures | 2 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Seizure type (main) | 0.025 | |||
| FIAS | 8 (61) | 8 (100) | 9 (100) | |
| FBTCS | 5 (41) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Prior history of syncopes | 2 (16) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Acute onset or acute relapses* | 3 (23) | 5 (62) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Seizure-free (>1 year) | 6 (46) | 0 (0) | 0 (0)** | 0.003 |
| Memory impairment | 6 (46) | 8 (100) | 9 (100) | NS |
| Bilateral | 1 (10) | 8 (100) | 2 (22) | |
| Dominant | 4 (30) | 0 (0) | 3(33) | |
| Non-dominant | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (44) | |
| Autoimmune comorbidities*** | 11 (85) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| Psychiatric comorbidities | 0 (0) | 4 (50) | 1 (11) | NS |
| Interictal psychosis | 0 (0) | 2 (24) | 0 (0) | |
| Anxiety disorders | 0 (0) | 1 (12) | 1 (1) | |
| Mood disorders | 0 (0) | 1 (12) | 0 (0) | |
| Other neurological comorbidities | 1 (8) | 2 (12) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Mental retardation | 0 (0) | 1 (12) | 0 (0) | |
| Nistagmus | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Mitochondrial SFN | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Tumor ADK colorectal/prostatic or hepatic | 3(25) | 1 (12) | 0 (0) | NS |
| EEG (SLOW ACTIVITY) | ||||
| TIRDA | 4 (30) | 8 (100) | 9 (100) | 0.001 |
| FIRDA | 3 (23) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
| EEG, IED | ||||
| Unilateral | 3 (23) | 3 (37) | 9 (100) | NS |
| Temporal (>80%) | 1 (8) | 5 (62) | 9 (100) | NS |
| Bilateral temporal | 7 (53) | 4 (50) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Extratemporal | 5 (33) | 1 (12) | 0 (0) | 0.01 |
| Absence of IED | 6 (46) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.003 |
Electroclinical and demographic characteristics. FE+GAD ab: focal epilepsy with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, BMTS: bilateral mesial temporal lobe sclerosis, UMTS: unilateral mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. FIAS: focal impaired awareness seizure, FBTCS: focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. LE: limbic encephalitis. Autoinmune diseases reported: DM1, Hypothyroidism, psoriasis, celiac disease and myasthenia. ADK: adenocarcinoma. SFN: small fiber neuropathy. EEG: electroencephalogram. TIRDA: temporal rhythmic delta activity. FIRDA: frontal rhythmic delta activity, IED: interictal epileptiform discharges.
Considered acute onset: Status epilepticus, limbic encephalitis or viral or bacterial encephalitis or meningitis.
Prior to epilepsy surgery.
One or more autoimmune diseases per patient.