Figure 1.

Ethanol exposure leads to reduced metabolism of cerebellar granule neurons.

(A) Representative images of cerebellar granular cells in culture in phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy (Calcein-AM (green), Hoechst33342 (blue), and propidium iodide (red): from left to right) for the control (non-treated cultures in control normoxic conditions) and EtOH groups (treatment with ethanol). Scale bar represents 10 µm. (B, C) Metabolic activity (B) and cellular ATP level (C) were significantly decreased in the EtOH-exposed cells compared with the control group. All experiments were repeated at least three times on independent cultures, each time on three to 19 different wells for every group and every experimental condition. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001, vs. control (two-sided, unpaired t-test).