Table 1.
Cloned halophyte genes related to salt tolerance and their effects after transformation into non-halophytes.
| Halophyte species | Gene | Probable function of gene product in salt tolerance | Effect when transformed into non-halophyte | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aeluropus littoralis | AlNHX | Vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter | Transgenic tobacco overexpression lines had high salt tolerance (400 mM NaCl) and compartmentalized more Na+ in the roots to maintain a relatively high K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves. | Zhang et al., 2008 |
| Kalidium foliatum | KfVP1 | H+-pyrophosphatase | Transgenic Arabidopsis showed more vigorous growth than the wild type and accumulated more Na+ in the leaves in 120 mM NaCl | Yao et al., 2012 |
| Salicornia brachiata | SbASR-1 | Abscisic acid stress ripening-1 | Transgenic T0 tobacco seeds showed better germination and seedling growth than the wild type in 400 mM NaCl | Jha et al., 2012 |
| SbSOS1 | Plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter | Transgenic tobacco showed high seed germination and a high degree of salt tolerance in 200 mM NaCl | Yadav et al., 2012 | |
| SbpAPX | Peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase | Transgenic tobacco showed enhanced salt and drought tolerance, with enhanced vegetative growth and higher germination rates than the wild type in 300 mM NaCl | Singh et al., 2014 | |
| Salsola soda | SsNHX1 | Putative vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter | Transgenic Medicago sativa grew in high concentrations of NaCl (up to 400 mM) as a result of improved Na+ sequestration in vacuoles | Li W. et al., 2011 |
| Sesuvium portulacastrum | SpAQP1 | Aquaporin-related protein whose expression is induced by salt | Transgenic tobacco had increased activity of antioxidative enzymes, and enhanced seed germination and root growth in 200 mM NaCl | Chang et al., 2016 |
| Spartina alterniflora | SaVHAc1 | A vacuolar ATPase subunit c1 | Transgenic rice showed early stomata closure and increased K+/Na+ ratio | Niranjan et al., 2012 |
| Suaeda salsa | SsVP | Vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase | Higher salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis was related to higher activities of V-ATPase and V-PPase | Guo et al., 2006 |
| SsHKT1;1 | High-affinity K+ transporter | Transgenic Arabidopsis showed enhanced salt tolerance and increased shoot K+ concentration | Shao et al., 2014 | |
| Ss.sAPX | Stroma ascorbate peroxidase | Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpression lines had increased germination rates, cotyledon growth, and survival under saline conditions | Li K. et al., 2012 | |
| Suaeda asparagoides | SaDhn and SaRBP1 | Dehydrin and RNA-binding protein | Transgenic yeast overexpression lines showed enhanced tolerance to osmotic, freezing, and heat-shock stresses | Ayarpadikannan et al., 2012 |
| Zoysia matrella | ZmVP1 | A type I VP homolog gene induced by salt | Transgenic Arabidopsis grew more vigorously than the wild type in 300 mM NaCl because of higher activities of V-ATPase and V-PPase | Chen et al., 2015 |