Figure 3.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is characterized by reduced diversity and altered composition of the duodenal microbiome. (a) Microbial richness, phylogenetic diversity, and evenness comparing patients with HE and those without (Non). *P < 0.05. (b) Principal coordinates (PC) analysis plot of microbial composition in samples with color grade 1–3. Red dots indicate patients with HE, blue indicates those without. (c) Phylum summary for HE and non‐HE patients. (d) Log₂ fold changes (FC) are shown for genera with differential abundance between HE patients and non‐HE patients at q < 0.05. Dot size is proportional to the abundance of the genus and color corresponds to phylum. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]