Table 1.
Selected characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | n = 30 |
|---|---|
| Male sex, n (%) | 18 (60) |
| Age, years; median (IQR) | 59.5 (56.7–62.2) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| White | 23 (77) |
| Black | 3 (10) |
| Asian | 3 (10) |
| Mixed | 1 (3) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Hispanic | 11 (37) |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 13 (43) |
| Other | 6 (20) |
| Cirrhosis etiology, n (%) | |
| HCV | 15 (50) |
| ETOH | 8 (27) |
| NASH | 4 (13) |
| HBV | 1 (3) |
| PSC | 1 (3) |
| AIH | 1 (3) |
| Laboratory data, mean (SE) | |
| International normalized ratio | 1.27 (0.04) |
| Total bilirubin | 2.39 (0.62) |
| Creatinine | 1.37 (0.27) |
| Sodium | 140.1 (0.67) |
| MELD‐Na | 14 (1.0) |
| Prior cirrhosis complications, n (%) | |
| Varices | 23 (77) |
| Ascites | 17 (57) |
| Encephalopathy | 13 (43) |
| Current lactulose use,† n (%) | 7 (23) |
| Current rifaximin use,† n (%) | 10 (33) |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 5 (17) |
| Current proton pump inhibitor use,† n (%) | 17 (57) |
| Current ursodeoxycholic acid use,† n (%) | 2 (7) |
†
At time of duodenal specimen collection.
AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; ETOH, alcohol; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IQR, interquartile range; MELD‐Na, Model for End‐stage Liver Disease + serum sodium; NASH, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; SE, standard error.