Table 5.

Relevant behavior change techniques (BCTs). There is strong evidence that the BCTs shown in italics (outlined in Table 2) have generally featured in successful interventions.

Behavior change technique	Description
1.1 Goal setting (behavior)	Mutually agree on short-term goals to be achieved, such as “This week I will brake more gently.”
1.2 Problem solving	Prompt participants to analyze behaviorally influencing factors and develop strategies for overcoming barriers. For example, “So it seems you’ve been having trouble with your speed. How do you think you could try to change that next time you go out?”
1.3 Goal setting (outcome)	Facilitate longer-term goals, such as “Be a safe driver,” “Get my full license,” and “Avoid accidents.”
1.4 Action planning	Prompt participants to plan their driving, including factors such as context, frequency, and duration.
1.5 Review behavior (goals)	Review behavioral goals together with the participant and consider modifying them based on progress. For BPDa, goals can be reviewed and modified by the app.
2.1 Monitoring without feedback	Record behavior with the participant’s knowledge. Driving behavior data captured by the app could be made available to a participant’s parents. The knowledge that their driving behavior is being observed can influence their behavior.
2.2 Feedback on behavior	Monitor and provide informative feedback on performance. BPD could provide feedback in terms of poor driving behavior, suggestions on how to improve, and recognition of good behavior.
2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior	Establish a method for participants to monitor their own behavior. BPD could provide the ability to review earlier feedback and to identify behavioral trends.
2.7 Feedback on outcomes	After periods of prolonged safe driving, BPD might inform participants that they are now statistically less likely to be involved in an accident than when they started the intervention.
3.1 Social support (unspecified)	Arrange for participants to receive support from others. In BPD, this could take the form of a social network connecting participants and friends.
4.1 Instruction on how to perform a behavior	Provide advice on how to perform a behavior. BPD could present how-to messages, describing techniques, and practices that help participants to perform the target driving behaviors.
4.2 Information about antecedents	Provide information about situations, events, or emotions likely to cause poor performance of the target driving behaviors.
5.1 Information about health consequences	Provide information about the positive or negative health consequences of wanted or unwanted behavior. BPD could deliver messages concerning the benefits associated with target behaviors.
5.2 Salience of consequences	Use methods to emphasize consequences for 5.1, for example, having BPD display images of car wrecks and devastated loved ones.
5.5 Anticipated regret	Have participants imagine how regretful they would feel if they perform unwanted behavior, for example, speeding and something negative happens.
6.2 Social comparison	Draw attention to performers of good behavior to allow comparison with a participant’s own performance. For example, BPD could maintain a leaderboard allowing participants to see how well others are driving.
6.3 Information about others’ approval	Provide information about what other people think about good and bad behavior. BPD could provide informational messages about the negative social perception of unsafe drivers (or vice versa).
7.1 Prompts or cues	Introduce stimuli to encourage good behavior. BPD might provide NFCb sticker tags that participants can place in their vehicles to remind them to use the app and put their phone away.
8.3 Habit formation	Prompt rehearsal and repetition of good behavior in the same context repeatedly, so the context elicits the behavior. Having finished using BPD, participants should continue to perform the target behaviors they have developed habitually.
8.7 Graded tasks	Set easy tasks and then gradually make them harder as participants improve. BPD could offer goals at varying difficulty levels and ensure that participants make progress through the more challenging goals.
10.1 Material incentive (behavior)	Inform participants that a material reward ( eg, money or vouchers) will be given in exchange for demonstration of the target behavior. BPD might seek partnership with businesses and organizations to provide such rewards.
10.4 Social reward	Similar to 10.1, but rather than a material incentive, the incentive would enhance a participant’s standing in some way. Performing target behaviors in BPD could earn participants achievements.
10.11 Future punishment	Inform participants that punishment or loss of reward occurs if poor behavior continues. BPD might simply raise awareness of legal or social punishments in response to detecting prolonged poor driving behavior.
13.1 Identification of self as role model	Inform participants that their good behavior is an example to others. BPD could promote demonstrably safe drivers to others, offering a level to aspire to.
13.3 Incompatible beliefs	Draw attention to discrepancies between current or past behavior and self-image to create discomfort. BPD could use messaging to highlight differences in actual versus perceived driving skills and incompatible beliefs over driving practices.

^aBPD: BackPocketDriver.

^bNFC: near field communication.