Table 8.

Behavior change technique feature matrix for popular youth driving apps.

Behavior change technique		LifeSaver	TrueMotion Family	Mojo	DriveSmart	EverDrive	Steer Clear
Behavior change techniques used in successful interventions
	1.1 Goal setting (behavior)
	1.3 Goal setting (outcome)						✓
	2.2 Feedback on behavior	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior		✓		✓	✓
	3.1 Social support	✓	✓				✓
	4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior			✓			✓
	5.1 Information about health consequences
Behavior change techniques grounded in behavioral theory
	4.2 Information about antecedents
	5.5 Anticipated regret
	7.1 Prompts or cues
	8.3 Habit formation	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	13.3 Incompatible beliefs
Behavior change techniques that appear relevant to a youth driving intervention
	6.2 Social comparison	✓	✓	✓		✓
	6.3 Information about others’ approval
	10.4 Social reward	✓	✓	✓		✓
	13.1 Identification of self as role model	✓	✓	✓		✓
Other Behavior change techniques
	1.8 Behavioral contract						✓
	2.1 Monitoring of behavior by others without feedback	✓	✓	✓
	10.2 Material reward			✓	✓		✓
	10.11 Future punishment				✓