(A) Calculated receptor and G protein concentrations as a function of time (k12 = 1 µM−1 sec−1). (B) Muscarinic partial agonists activate GIRK channels to a limited extent. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on stable HEK-293T cells expressing M2Rs and GIRK channels. The membrane potential was held at −80 mV. 10 µM ACh, 100 µM Oxotremorine (Oxo), or 100 µM Pilocarpine (Pilo) was applied as indicated. (C) Partial agonist-activated GIRK currents were normalized to ACh-activated GIRK currents (N = 5–6, ±SEM). (D) Representative changes in BRET signal upon stimulation of M2Rs with different agonists. HEK-293T cells were transfected with M2Rs, Gβγ-Venus, GIRK-NLuc, and increasing amounts of Gαi1. 5 µM acetylcholine (ACh), 50 µM oxotremorine (Oxo), or 50 µM pilocarpine (Pilo) was applied at t = 5 s.