FIGURE 10.

Some of the proposed signaling cascades activated by angiotensin II (ANG II) in thick ascending limbs and reported effects on transporters involved in NaCl reabsorption. ANG II effects and signaling in the thick ascending limb are subjects of considerable controversy, and signaling is quite complex. It is likely that both are affected by environmental factors. AT₁R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT₂R, angiotensin II type 2 receptor; 20-HETE, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; NHE, Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger; NKCC2, Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ cotransporter type 2; NO, nitric oxide; NOS3, NO synthase type 3; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PLA, phospholipase A; PLC, phospholipase C.