Table 1.

ANG II physiology and pathophysiology covered in this article

System	Physiology/Pathophysiology
Physiology
Vascular	Increase in vascular resistance
Heart	Increase in cardiac output with positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
Kidney	Increase in salt/water intake and suppression of renin secretion
Brain	Stimulate sympathetic nervous system, increase in fluid intake and metabolic rate
Pathophysiology
Vascular	Hypertension, hypertrophy, fibrosis, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and endothelial dysfunction
Heart	Hypertrophy, fibrosis, ventricular arrhythmias, and atrial fibrillation
Kidney	Hypertension, fibrosis, and inflammation
Brain	Hypertension, cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer disease, and stroke
Adipose tissue	Inflammation and insulin resistance
Skeletal muscle	Wasting/atrophy and insulin resistance
Immune cells	Inflammation and cytokine production