Table 7.
Newly identified antihypertrophic molecules
| Molecule | Overview | Mode of Action | Reference Nos. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dusp14 | Dual-specificity phosphatase 14; in vivo loss enhanced, while overexpression attenuated, pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling/hypertrophy; knockdown in vitro enhanced ANG II-induced hypertrophic gene expression | Targets TAK1/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 in JNK1/2 and p38 cascades | 562 |
| miR-133a | Downregulated by ANG II-induced ERK1/2 activation; thyroid hormone-mediated cardiac hypertrophy partially attributed to AT1R-mediated miR-133a reduction; adiponectin opposes ANG II’s actions on miR-133a | Implicated in silencing expression of prohypertrophic/fibrotic genes such as CTGF, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor II (IP3RII) calcium channel, collagen 1a1 (Col1A1), and nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic (4NFATc4) | 129, 236, 244, 572, 582 |
| TIEG1 | Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-inducible early gene; member of the Sp1/Krüppel-like family of transcription factors | Inhibits expression and transcriptional activity of transcription factor GATA4 in cardiac myocytes | 573 |
| IL-10 | Interleukin-10; anti-inflammatory cytokine | IL-10 deficiency enhances ANG II-induced gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and MMP-2/9, as well as Akt phosphorylation; IL-10 deficiency increases p38 phosphorylation; IL-10 activates Akt/mTORC1 signaling and attenuates ANG II-induced pathological autophagy | 500, 528 |
| IRF7 | Interferon regulatory factor 7; heart-specific IRF7 overexpression attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction, while loss had opposite effects; protected against ANG II-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in vitro | Binds IKKβ with subsequent NF-κB inactivation | 435 |
| IL-33 | Biomechanically induced by cardiac fibroblasts; antagonizes ANG II- and phenylephrine-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy | Inhibits phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) and NF-κB nuclear binding activity | 908 |
| Elabela (ELA) | Endogenous peptide ligand for APJ; antagonizes pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction | Transcriptionally downregulates ACE expression by downregulating expression of the FoxM1 transcription factor | 918 |