Figure 8.

Images highlighting the diversity of marine foulants, including (a) SEM image of green algae, adapted from (http://remf.dartmouth.edu/imagesindex.html under public domain notice), (b) non-motile coenobium (group of cells) of Pediastrum duplex, a species of freshwater green algae, licensed under (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en). (c) Diatom frustule of Cymbella inaequalis (adapted with permission from [244]). (d,e) SEM images of marine diatom species (adapted with permission from [245]). (f) Chthamalus stellatus barnacle photographed near the upper shoreline, Lundy Island, UK, reproduced with permission from (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en). (g) Ulva lactuca a.k.a. sea lettuce (adapted from [246]. Copyright © 2014 licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). (h) A mussel (genus Mytilus), attached to a rock by its secreted filaments called byssus, licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en. (i) Biofouling on a ship hull adapted from [35] licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.