Table 1.

Changes in gut microbiota composition in inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Microorganism (s)	Commensal (C) or pathogenic (P) microorganisms∗	UC	DC
Verrucomicrobia	C	↓	↓
Bifidobacterium	C	↓	↓
Roseburia species	C	↓	?
Bacteroides	C	↓↑	↑
Firmicutes	C	↓	↓
Clostridium species (clusters IV and XIVa	C	↓	↓↑
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	C	↓	↓
Pseudomonas	P	↓	↓
Proteobacteria	P	↑	↑
Fusobacterium	P	↑	↑
Ruminococcus gnavus	P	↑	↑
Candida albicans	P	↑	↑

CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, Ulcerative colitis. ^∗Most of the species. References (Gophna et al., 2006; Frank et al., 2007; Kaakoush et al., 2012; Machiels et al., 2014; Lewis et al., 2015; Tahara et al., 2015; Shah et al., 2016; Sokol et al., 2017; Vrakas et al., 2017).