Table 3.
Effects of polyamines on plant growth and development.
| Plant species | Polyamine treatment | Effect | Outcome | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Spd (0.3 or 3 mM) CHA + DFMO (4 mM) | Inhibitors preventing bolting and flowering, exogenous PAs to poorly flowering plants can significantly add to their flowering response | PAs promote flowering | Applewhite et al., 2010 |
| Dendranthema morifolium | Spd (0.1 mM/L) | Significantly affect endogenous polyamines (Spd, Spm) and endogenous hormones (IAA, ZR, IPA, GA) | Accelerate the process of flower bud differentiation | Xu, 2015 |
| Wheat | Spd or Spm (1 mM) | In wheat grains, endogenous Spd, Spm, ABA, and IAA contents ↑, ETH content↓ | Increased the grain filling rate and the grain weight | Liu et al., 2013 |
| Sugarcane | Put (500 μM) | Somatic embryos in embryogenic callus↑ | Induces somatic embryo development | Reis et al., 2016 |
| Seedless grapevine | PAs (0.3–3 mM) | Embryo germination rate↑ | Efficiency of embryo rescue in vitro↑ | Jiao et al., 2017 |
| Indica rice | Put (30 mg/l) | Spm and Spd contents↑, affect the expression levels of ADC1 gene and SAMDC gene | Improve the growing state and the callus embryogenic traits | Tan et al., 2017 |
↓: Indicates a decrease in substance content or enzyme activity; ↑: Indicates an increase in substance content or enzyme activity.