Table 4.
Effects of polyamines on plant abiotic stress.
| Plant species | Stress | Polyamine treatment | Effect | Outcome | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfalfa | PEG (4,000) | Put (0.01 mM) | Germination, polysaccharide, protein, photosynthetic pigment contents and all growth criteria↑ | Reduces the sensitivity of alfalfa to drought stress | Zeid and Shedeed, 2006 |
| Wheat | Drought stress | PAs | Spd and Spm relieve the inhibition caused by drought stress, and Put has the opposite effect | Grain filling and drought resistance↑ | Yang et al., 2016 |
| Agrostis stolonifera | Drought stress | Spm (1 mM) Spd (5 mM) | Turf quality, relative water content, photochemical efficiency and membrane health↑, GA1, GA4, and ABA↑ | Enhance the drought stress tolerance and growth of plant | Krishnan and Merewitz, 2017 |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | Water stress | Put (20 mg/L) | Leaf water content, dry matter and antioxidant enzyme activities↑, cell injury indices↓ | The negative impacts of drought stress on plants ↓ | Mohammadi et al., 2018 |
| Panax ginseng | NaCl (150 mM) | Spd (0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) | Chlorophyll degradation↓, Spd, Spm and the activities of enzyme scavenging system↑ | Enhance salt tolerance | Parvin et al., 2014 |
| Zoysia japonica Steud | Salt stress (200 mM) | Spd (0.3 mM) | Polyamine biosynthetic enzyme levels↑, H2O2 and MDA levels↓ | Improved tolerance to salinity stress | Li et al., 2016 |
| Bakraii citrus seedlings | NaCl (75 mM) | PAs (0.5–1, 0.5 mM Spd best) | The negative effects of salinity stress↓, growth parameters↑ | Improve plant salinity tolerance | Khoshbakht et al., 2017 |
| Cucumis sativus | NaCl (75 mM) | Spd (0.1 mM) | PAs, H2O2, SOD, POD and CAT↑, antioxidant defense↑, oxidative damage↓ | Improve salt tolerance in cucumber seedlings | Wu et al., 2018 |
| Cerasus humilis seedlings | Oxidative stress | Spd or Spm (0.2 mM) | The activities of ADC, ODC, SAMDC and antioxidant systems↑, endogenous free Put, Spd and Spm↑ | Prevent oxidative damage induced by drought | Yin et al., 2014 |
| Muskmelon | Ca(NO3)2 (80 mM) | GABA (50 mM) | The activities of ADC, ODC, SAMDC, PAO and DAO↑, Spd and Spm ↑, Put↓ | Improve muskmelon seedling tolerance to Ca(NO3)2 stress | Hu et al., 2015 |
| Wheat and Sunflower | CdCl2 or CuCl2 (1 mM) | PAs (0.1 mM) | Pevent the deleterious effect caused by Cd and Cu during plant development | Improve tolerance to heavy metal | Benavides et al., 2018 |
↓: Indicates a decrease in substance content or enzyme activity; ↑: Indicates an increase in substance content or enzyme activity.