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. 2019 Jan 10;12:956. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00956

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Copyright © 2019 Pichavaram, Palani, Patel, Xu, Shosha, Fouda, Caldwell and Narayanan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression of SMO is increased in response to excitotoxicity. (A,B) Immunofluorescence images showing the localization and elevated expression of SMO in the NMDA retinas, 24 h following the injury. (C) Western blot studies showing increased SMO levels in NMDA retinas (24 h and 48 h post injury) compared to respective NMLA controls. (D) Quantitative analysis show significantly increased (p < 0.05) levels of SMO in NMDA retinas relative to respective controls. Data presented as Mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.01; ^#P < 0.05, N = 3–6. Scale bar 50 μm. GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer.