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. 2019 Jan 10;12:956. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00956

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Copyright © 2019 Pichavaram, Palani, Patel, Xu, Shosha, Fouda, Caldwell and Narayanan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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PAO inhibition improved synaptic contacts in NMDA-treated retinas. (A–D) Immunofluorescence staining using synaptophysin (a pre-synaptic marker) antibody on retinal sections (5 days post-injury) demonstrating reduced synaptic contacts in NMDA retinas, while MDL treatment increased synaptophysin levels. (E,F) Western blot analysis and quantitation showing synaptophysin expression levels in retinal samples. A significant reduction was observed in NMDA-retinal samples, while MDL treatment significantly improved the expression of synaptophysin. Data presented as Mean ± SD. ^#P < 0.05. N = 3–4. GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer. Scale bar 50 μm.