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. 2019 Jan 10;12:532. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00532

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Copyright © 2019 Koester-Hegmann, Bengoetxea, Kosenkov, Thiersch, Haider, Gassmann and Schneider Gasser.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of enriched environment and VEGF signaling inhibition in neuronal apoptosis in DG, cornu ammonis (CA1) of the hippocampus and VC in rats exposed to high altitude. (A) Confocal representative images of neurons (NeuN, red) and apoptotic cells (activated caspase 3, green) in the dentate gyrus of rats exposed to low and high altitude kept under SC or in enriched environment either receiving sucrose (EE + veh) or the inhibitor of VEGF signaling (EE + inh). (B) Confocal representative images of apoptotic cells (activated caspase 3, green) in the layers 1–6 of the VC (upper panel), and of apoptotic neurons [NeuN (red) colocalized to caspase 3 (green)] in the layer 4 of the VC (lower panel, arrows) of rats exposed to high altitude kept under SC or in enriched environment either receiving sucrose (EE + veh) or the inhibitor of VEGF signaling (EE + inh). (C) Quantification of caspase 3+ apoptotic cells in DG, cornu ammonis (CA1) and VC of rats exposed to high altitude under standard conditions (SC, white bar) and in enriched environment (EE, patterned bar). (D) Quantification of caspase 3+ apoptotic cells in DG, cornu ammonis (CA1) and VC of rats exposed to high altitude under enriched environment receiving either sucrose (EE + veh, black patterned bar) or the inhibitor of VEGF signaling (EE + inh, red patterned bar). Scale bar (A,B): 100 mm. Statistics (C,D): 2-way ANOVA (^∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001) with n = 12; error bars indicate SD.