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. 2019 Jan 10;9:1937. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01937

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Copyright © 2019 Chakrabarty, Bijos, Vahabi, Clavica, Kanai, Pickering, Fry and Drake.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) A representative trace of the effect of 18β-GA (30 μM) on spontaneous pressure fluctuations in an isolated whole rat bladder, and the effect on longitudinal (distances 1, 2, and 3) and transverse (distances 4 and 5) components. Distance 4 shortens whilst distance 5 elongates, as demonstrated with respect to baseline – arrows in distance 5 demonstrate shortening and elongating events. (B) Schematic diagram depicting measured longitudinal and transverse distances. (C) Control spontaneous pressure fluctuations – arrows in pressure and distance 3 highlight pressure changes displayed by the shortening of distance 3. (D) The effect of 18β-GA (30 μM) on spontaneous pressure fluctuations – arrow in pressure and distance 3 demonstrate shortening movement of distance 3 without measurable pressure change.