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. 2019 Jan 10;9:1937. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01937

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Copyright © 2019 Chakrabarty, Bijos, Vahabi, Clavica, Kanai, Pickering, Fry and Drake.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) A representative trace of the effect of isoprenaline (10 nM) on spontaneous whole bladder pressure fluctuations, and the effects on (B) amplitude and (C) frequency of spontaneous phasic activity. (D) The effect of isoprenaline on pressure and distance measured in filmed isovolumetric ex-vivo whole rat bladder. (E) A representative trace of the effect of isoprenaline (100 nM) on spontaneous pressure fluctuations and four distances on the bladder in filmed isovolumetric ex-vivo whole rat bladder. Shortenings correlated to pressure changes (distances 1, 2, and 4), and abolished in the absence of pressure change. Arrows demonstrate shortening movement without measurable pressure change in distance 3. (F) Schematic diagram depicting measured distances. ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001; Student’s paired t-test.