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. 2019 Jan 16;10:257. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07996-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Evolution of chorus element wave–particle interactions associated with the chorus-wave growth. a, b The frequency–time diagram and the waveform of discrete chorus elements. c The temporal evolution of the auroral emissions. Spatial evolutions of the auroral area d in the ionosphere (110 km) and e at the magnetic equator. The light and rich blue curves indicate chorus amplitudes with a temporal resolution of 1/65536 s and an averaged resolution of 1/100 s in panels c, d, and e