Table 4.

Study outcome^a by demographic characteristics, all students enrolled^b

	n	zOutcome Mean	zOutcome SD	p(F)	Cohen’s d
Age				<.001
Under 21	748	0.284	0.891		ref
21 and older	765	−0.277	1.020		−0.59
Gender				.006
Female	878	−0.060	0.995		ref
Male	635	0.083	0.999		0.14
Admission pathc				<.001
HAM-Nat	786	0.268	1.083		ref
Quota excellence	208	0.477	0.824		0.22
Quota waiting list	256	− 0.675	0.901		−0.95
Quota foreign students	71	−0.994	0.687		−1.39
Quota others, unknown	192	−0.347	0.967		−0.60
Nation				<.001
Germany	1391	0.055	0.985		ref
Western European	18	0.132	0.768		0.09
Eastern European	30	−0.648	0.922		−0.74
Middle East	37	−1.047	0.772		−1.27
Asia	23	−0.855	0.822		−1.00
Other nations	14	−0.021	1.077		−0.07

^azOutcomeOverall

^bof the n = 1565 admitted students n = 52 did not attended at least one study module; in these cases zOutcomeOverall could not be computed

^cHAM-Nat: Entrance test in combination with PEA

Quota excellence: Highest level of the Abitur grade. If there are more candidates than places, waiting time, social engagement and other criteria are considered; finally, a lottery decides

Quota waiting list: Admittance depends on the number of semesters that an applicant has waited. While on the waiting list, applicants are not expected to enrol at a German university

Quota foreign students: The federal state of Hamburg allows selection of about 5% of students from foreign countries outside the EU

Quota others, unknown: 35 students who studied medicine as an adjunct to other studies; 31 were medical officers of the Federal armed Forces; 3 cases of hardship; 46 students were admitted prior to 2012 through the quota for excellent pre-university educational attainment, the waiting list quota or the HAM-Nat, yet commenced their studies only after 2012 and 2015 due to interruption by military deployment; and 77 students whose path to admission could not be retrieved from the database of the university. An unknown part of this latter group is comprised of students who successfully sued for their admittance and students already enrolled in the study programme who swapped places with students enrolled at a different university