Table 1.

Summary of genotyping results by study site. Samples with mixed genotyping are excluded. Details of mutations are listed in Additional file 2: Table S2A (codons 1–440) and S2B (codons 441–726), and mixed genotypes are listed in Additional file 2: Table S3. Results are sorted by continent, country, site, and year of study

Study ID	Country	Site ID	Site	Year	Total N isolates	Non-synonymous changes between
						Codon 1–440	Codon 441–726
						N	N	% [95% CI]
Asia
7	Bangladesh	1	Bandarban	2004–2005	21	2	0	0 [0–15]
16	Bangladesh	2	Ramu	2012	55	4	0	0 [0–7]
9	Cambodia	3	Anlong Veng	2012–2014	107	ND	103	96 [91–99]
2	Cambodia	4	Tasanh	2008–2009	46	ND	38	83 [69–91]
6	Cambodia	5	Pailin	2008–2009	36	ND	34	94 [82–98]
16	Cambodia	5	Pailin	2011–2012	87	0	80	92 [84–96]
10	Cambodia	6	Preah Vihear	2012–2013	65	ND	22	34 [24–46]
11	Cambodia	6	Preah Vihear	2011–2012	110	0	22	20 [14–28]
10	Cambodia	7	Pursat	2012–2013	107	ND	82	77 [68–84]
16	Cambodia	7	Pursat	2011–2012	104	0	77	74 [65–82]
10	Cambodia	8	Ratanakiri	2012–2013	66	ND	7	11 [5–20]
16	Cambodia	8	Ratanakiri	2011–2012	119	0	4	3 [1–8]
11	China	9	Tengchong	2012	12	ND	10	83 [55–95]
11	China	10	Yingjiang	2009–2012	110	ND	61	55 [46–64]
12	LPDR	11	Attapeu	2013–2014	18	0	4	22 [9–45]
14	LPDR	11	Attapeu	2011–2012	118	0	2	2 [0–6]
3	LPDR	12	Savannakhet	2010	33	0	0	0 [0–10]
15	Myanmar	13	Hpa Pun	2013	32	1	14	44 [28–61]
12	Myanmar	14	Myitkyina	2013–2014	43	0	21	49 [35–63]
13	Myanmar	15	Pyin Oo Lwin	2012–2014	31	0	15	48 [32–65]
16	Myanmar	16	Shwe Kyin	2011–2013	74	17	20	27 [18–38]
12	Myanmar	17	Thabeikkyin	2013–2014	71	1	12	17 [10–27]
16	Thailand	18	Ranong	2011–2012	19	0	13	68 [46–85]
16	Thailand	19	Srisaket	2011–2013	34	0	30	88 [73–95]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2001	9	0	0	0 [0–30]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2002	58	0	0	0 [0–6]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2003	33	3	0	0 [0–10]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2004–2006	28	0	0	0 [0–12]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2007	26	2	1	4 [1–19]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2008	341	30	57	17 [13–21]
1	Thailand	20	TW border	2008	5	1	1	20 [4–62]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2009	227	38	47	21 [16–26]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2010	138	20	46	33 [26–42]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2011	113	17	66	58 [49–67]
16	Thailand	20	TW border	2011–2012	94	5	61	65 [55–74]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2012	116	14	80	69 [60–77]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2013	80	1	67	84 [74–90]
4	Thailand	20	TW border	2014	23	0	21	91 [73–98]
16	Viet Nam	21	Binh Phuoc	2011–2012	103	0	28	27 [20–36]
5	Viet Nam	22	Phuoc Long	2010–2011	92	0	34	37 [28–47]
8	Viet Nam	23	Tra Lang	2012	83	ND	67	81 [71–88]
Africa
16	DRC	24	Kinshasa	2013	117	32	3	3 [1–7]
18	Madagascar	25	Ankazobe	2014	5	ND	0	0 [0–43]
18	Madagascar	26	Brickaville	2014	44	ND	4	9 [4–21]
16	Nigeria	27	Ilorin	2011–2012	36	14	0	0 [0–10]
17	Tanzania	28	Fukayosi	2012	41	ND	0	0 [0–10]

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo, LPDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic, TW border Thai Western border, ND not done