Table 2.
Role of WISP2 in human cancers
| Cancer type | Function | Target | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Exhibits estrogen and progesterone inducible expression; enhances tumor cell proliferation and growth; associated with metastasis and late stage; inhibits tumor growth, migration and invasion; causes cell cycle arrest at the G1/G1 phase | Induced by PKA; inhibits Snail, E-cadherin, MMP-2, MMP-9, Skp2, PI3K/Akt, TGF-β pathways; inhibited by p53 mutants; induces PD-L1, p27, and FOXO3a | [9, 11–15, 18–21, 103, 104] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Promotes cell growth, proliferation and migration; involved in HCC progression | Increased by β-catenin, and TCF-4J; inhibited by GSK3β | [39–44] |
| Colon cancer | WISP2 DNA expression is amplified, but function remains unknown | Not detected | [2] |
| Gastric cancer | Associated with tumor stage, differentiation status, and survival; inhibits cell growth, migration and invasion | Downregulates MMP-9 and MMP-2 through JNK and ERK pathways | [51, 52] |
| Pancreatic cancer | Promotes mesenchymal–epithelial transition; regulates pancreatic cancers via regulating microenvironments | Promoted by BRCA2 | [55–58] |
| Lung cancer | Associated with adverse overall survival | N/A | [65, 66] |
| Leiomyoma | inhibits cell proliferation and motility | N/A | [100] |