Table 3.
Current evidence for CCHFV circulation in Southern Asia
| Country | CCHF cases reported | Human serology | Animal serology | Hyalomma ticks | Virus detected in Hyalomma ticks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 1998–201721,53 | 199884 | 197453,64,84 | Yes* | NA19,38,64 |
| Bangladesh | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Bhutan | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| India | 2011–201743,70 | 197385 | 1973, 2010–201172,85 | NA | 1973, 2010–201172,85 |
| Iran | 1999–201728,52 | 1975†, 2004–2005, 201713,15,86 | 1975†, 2004–2005, 2010–201115,86–89 | Yes10 | 2004–2016†‡10,89–91 |
| Maldives | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Nepal | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Pakistan | 1976–201760,92 | 2007–201356 | 201638,93 | Yes* | 1970†94 |
| Sri Lanka | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
CCHF = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; CCHFV = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; NA = no information available. Years are listed if there is peer-reviewed evidence of anti-CCHFV antibodies in humans or animals, CCHFV vector endemicity, or CCHFV antigen or genome detection.
* Information from the United States National Tick Collection.
† Year represents time of publication rather than time of sample collection.
‡ CCHFV antigen was isolated from an Ornithodoros (Alveonasus) lahorensis soft tick in Iran in 1978.