Table 4.

Current evidence for CCHFV circulation in Western Asia

Country	CCHF cases reported	Human serology	Animal serology	Hyalomma ticks	Virus detected in Hyalomma ticks
Armenia	197445,95	197296	197296	Yes97	1972–197497,98
Azerbaijan	No	200799	1967–1970100	Yes97	1972–197497,101
Bahrain	No	NA	NA	NA	NA
Cyprus	No	NA	NA	Yes*	NA
Georgia	2009–201742,68,102	201468,102–105	NA	Yes19	NA
Iraq	1979–1980, 1990–2010, 2013, 201562,63,106	1979–198063	1980107	Yes*	NA
Israel	No	NA	NA	Yes*	NA
Jordan	No	NA	NA	Yes*	NA
Kuwait	1980, 198246	1979–1982108	NA	Yes*	NA
Lebanon	No	NA	NA	Yes*	NA
Oman	1995–201779,109,110	2000†14	2000†14	Yes*	2000†14
Palestine	No	NA	NA	Yes*	NA
Qatar	No	NA	NA	NA	NA
Saudi Arabia	1990, 200983	200983,111,112	1995111	Yes*	1995113
Syria	No	NA	199614	Yes114	2014†11
Turkey	2002–20177,31	1974, 2012, 2016†115–117	2011118	Yes*	2013–2015119
United Arab Emirates	1979, 1980, 1994–1995, 20106,80,82	1997†81	1997†81	Yes*	1997†81
Yemen	No	NA	NA	Yes120	NA

CCHF = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; CCHFV = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; NA = no information available. Years are listed if there is peer-reviewed evidence of anti-CCHFV antibodies in humans or animals, CCHFV vector endemicity, or CCHFV antigen or genome detection.

* United States National Tick Collection.

† Year represents time of publication rather than time of sample collection.Years are listed if there is peer-reviewed evidence of anti-CCHFV antibodies in humans or animals, CCHFV vector endemicity, or CCHFV antigen or genome detection.