Table 3.
Unadjusted ORs of factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasite infection among children aged 0–15 years surveyed between April 2015 and June 2016 in western Kenya
| Unadjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N = 949* | Weighted % | OR (95% confidence interval) | P† |
| All subjects | 949 | 36.0 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 0.14 | |||
| 0–5 | 325 | 36.3 | Ref | |
| 6–10 | 398 | 39.9 | 1.17 (0.77, 1.75) | |
| ≥ 11 | 226 | 29.9 | 0.75 (0.39, 1.43) | |
| Gender | 0.09 | |||
| Female | 441 | 39.6 | Ref | |
| Male | 508 | 32.8 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) | |
| Design variables | ||||
| Proximity to water | 0.74 | |||
| Far (> 500 m) | 494 | 34.0 | Ref | |
| Near (≤ 500 m) | 455 | 37.1 | 1.15 (0.51, 2.57) | |
| Population density of children 0–15 years | 0.90 | |||
| Low (< 2,235) | 637 | 36.6 | Ref | |
| High (≥ 2,235) | 312 | 35.5 | 0.96 (0.46, 1.98) | |
| Geographical | ||||
| Region | 0.60 | |||
| Nyanza Province | 637 | 38.2 | Ref | |
| Western Province | 312 | 33.6 | 0.82 (0.39, 1.72) | |
| Malaria endemicity | < 0.001 | |||
| Highland epidemic | 60 | 13.8 | Ref | |
| Lake endemic | 889 | 40.7 | 4.29 (2.06, 8.95) | |
| Season of enrollment‡ | 0.47 | |||
| Dry | 265 | 40.5 | Ref | |
| Wet | 684 | 34.4 | 0.77 (0.38, 1.58) | |
| Parental characteristics | ||||
| Mother’s education | 0.21 | |||
| Up to standard 4 | 180 | 40.7 | Ref | |
| Standard 5–7 | 450 | 38.9 | 0.93 (0.47, 1.83) | |
| ≥ Senior secondary school | 308 | 29.0 | 0.64 (0.29, 1.41) | |
| Father’s education | ||||
| Up to standard 4 | 150 | 41.5 | Ref | 0.32 |
| Standard 5–7 | 363 | 38.2 | 0.87 (0.37, 2.01) | |
| ≥ Senior secondary school | 408 | 31.1 | 0.64 (0.29, 1.41) | |
| Mother’s occupation | 0.28 | |||
| Trader/sales | 251 | 28.8 | Ref | |
| Peasant farmer | 560 | 39.7 | 1.63 (0.88, 2.99) | |
| Manual laborer | 131 | 33.2 | 1.23 (0.62, 2.45) | |
| Father’s occupation | < 0.01 | |||
| Trader/sales | 237 | 22.7 | Ref | |
| Peasant farmer | 418 | 42.6 | 2.53 (1.31, 4.87) | |
| Manual laborer | 285 | 36.3 | 1.94 (1.15, 3.29) | |
| Mother’s income§, Kenyan shillings | 0.63 | |||
| ≤ 5,703 | 841 | 36.7 | Ref | |
| > 5,703 | 108 | 32.2 | 0.82 (0.36, 1.87) | |
| Malaria prevention | ||||
| Slept under mosquito net the night before | 0.45 | |||
| No | 358 | 39.3 | Ref | |
| Yes | 580 | 34.6 | 0.82 (0.48, 1.38) | |
| Indoor residual insecticide sprayed in house | 0.08 | |||
| No | 865 | 37.2 | Ref | |
| Yes | 70 | 22.4 | 0.49 (0.22, 1.08) | |
| History of malaria treatment | ||||
| Inpatient | 0.59 | |||
| Yes, past 12 months | 95 | 41.4 | Ref | |
| Yes, > 12 months | 117 | 38.6 | 0.89 (0.35, 2.24) | |
| Never | 727 | 35.1 | 0.77 (0.41, 1.42) | |
| Outpatient | 0.13 | |||
| Yes, past 12 months | 531 | 39.9 | Ref | |
| Yes, > 12 months | 64 | 23.4 | 0.46 (0.22, 0.98) | |
| Never | 344 | 33.0 | 0.74 (0.43, 1.29) | |
OR = odds ratio.
Results are based on children with complete rapid diagnostic results. Children with missing results (N = 16) are excluded.
The P value is for heterogeneity.
January to March and July to August were classified as dry season months, whereas April to June and September to December were classified as wet season months.
Income categorized based on the international poverty line of $1.90 per a day, which is approximately equal to 5,703 Kenyan shillings for the average 30-day monthly income. Father’s income was not estimated because of concerns about reliability of data.