Table 1.

Household environment and exposure to alphavirus and flavivirus infections

Parameter	Risk factors tested	CHIKV association	DENV association
Behavior and exposure
Child occupation (proxy for age)	0–2 years vs. nursery school vs. primary school student vs. secondary school student	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
	Secondary school student vs. other occupations	19.2 (5.7–65.1)	1.7 (0.2–12.9)
Outdoor activity	Child reports outdoor activities vs. child does not report outdoor activity	3.6 (1.1–11.8)	2.0 (1.0–3.8)
Household and supplies
Number of other children living in the house	0 vs. 1–2 vs. 3–5 vs. 6 or more	P = 0.46	P = 0.039
	6 or more vs. 0–5	–	1.9 (0.9–3.7)
Roof type	Natural material vs. corrugated iron	2.8 (1.2–6.1)	0.7 (0.4–1.1)
Floor type	Dirt vs. wood vs. cement vs. tile	P = 0.022	P = 0.25
	Cement vs. other floor types	3.0 (1.5–6.2)	–
Water source	River or pond vs. rain water vs. public well vs. inside well vs. public tap vs. water truck	P < 0.001	P = 0.016
	(River or pond or rain water or inside well or water truck) vs. (public well or public tap)*	2.3 (1.0–5.4)	2.3 (1.2–4.3)
Light source	Electricity line vs. paraffin vs. solar	P = 0.042	P = 0.37
	Electricity line vs. other light sources	2.6 (1.3–5.2)	–

CHIKV = chikungunya virus; DENV = dengue virus; OR = odds ratio. Alphavirus and flavivirus associations are based, respectively, on CHIKV and DENV serological data. Differences between all groups were assessed by n-way Fisher’s exact test (italicized P-values). When a significant difference was noted between all the groups (P-value in bold), OR (in straight letters) was calculated to assess association between the highest risk entry (in bold letters) and alphavirus or flavivirus infection.

* OR was used to compare water sources associated with water storage (in bold) in the household vs. other water sources. P-values and OR in bold are meeting significance (P ≤ 0.05, OR 95% confidence interval ≥ 1).