Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| All cases | Cases with infection | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n = 279 | Survivors, n = 263 | Non-survivors, n = 16 | P-value | Total, n = 187 | Survivors, n = 176 | Non-survivors, n = 11 | P-value | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Gender–male, number (%) | 128 (45.9) | 121 (46.0) | 7 (43.8) | 1.0 | 93 (49.7) | 88 (50.0) | 5 (45.5) | 1.0. |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 38 (28–53) | 38 (27–51) | 52 (34–61) | 0.069 | 38 (26–50) | 37 (25–49) | 58 (35–60) | 0.01 |
| Admission, number (%) | 134 (48) | 118 (44.9) | 16 (100) | Not applicable | 103 (55.1) | 92 (52.3) | 11 (100) | Not applicable |
| Length of stay in days, median (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (2–12) | 0.98 | 2 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 5 (2–12) | 0.03 |
| Clinical parameters | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR) | 120 (110–140) | 120 (110–140) | 105 (80–130) | 0.019 | 120 (110–130) | 120 (110–130) | 110 (80–130) | 0.10 |
| Heart rate, beats/minutes, median (IQR) | 91 (80–107) | 90 (80–106) | 112 (91–120) | 0.003 | 96 (84–111) | 96 (84–110) | 104 (91–120) | 0.09 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/minutes, median (IQR) | 22 (18–26) | 22 (18–26) | 24 (23–34) | 0.018 | 24 (20–28) | 24 (20–28) | 24 (24–48) | 0.052 |
| Temperature, °C, median (IQR) | 37.2 (36.5–38.4) | 37.2 (36.6–38.4) | 36–4 (35.9–37.7) | 0.005 | 37.8 (36.8–38.7) | 37.8 (36.9–38.7) | 36.5 (36.0–38.6) | 0.07 |
| Saturation, %, median (IQR) | 97 (95–99) | 98 (95–99) | 93 (76–99) | 0.028 | 97 (94–98) | 97 (95–98) | 92 (80–96) | 0.01 |
| White blood cells, 109g/L, median (IQR)* | 7.2 (5.4–9.9) | 7.1 (5.4–9.7) | 10.5 (6.3–15.6) | 0.028 | 7.2 (5.6–10.4) | 7.2 (5.5–10.1) | 12.0 (6.1–14.9) | 0.10 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale <15, number (%) | 13 (4.7) | 6 (2.3) | 7 (43.8) | < 0.0001 | 10 (5.3) | 5 (2.8) | 5 (45.5) | < 0.0001 |
| HIV infection, number (%)† | 14 (5.0) | 11 (4.2) | 3 (18.8) | 0.038 | 14 (7.5) | 11 (6.3) | 3 (27.3) | 0.04 |
| Risk stratification scores | ||||||||
| qSOFA, median (IQR) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 1.5 (1–3) | < 0.0001 | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 2 (1–3) | 0.0009 |
| qSOFA ≥ 2, number (%) | 43 (15.4) | 35 (13.3) | 8 (50.0) | 0.0009 | 37 (19.8) | 31 (17.6) | 6 (54.5) | 0.009 |
| SIRS, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2.5 (2–4) | 0.0009 | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.02 |
| SIRS ≥ 2, number (%) | 160 (57.3) | 146 (55.5) | 14 (87.5) | 0.017 | 128 (68.4) | 119 (67.6) | 9 (81.8) | 0.51 |
| MEWS, median (IQR) | 2 (2–4) | 2 (1–4) | 5 (3–9) | < 0.0001 | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 5 (3–7) | 0.01 |
| MEWS ≥ 5, number (%) | 62 (22.2) | 52 (19.8) | 10 (62.5) | 0.0004 | 56 (29.9) | 49 (27.8) | 7 (63.6) | 0.02 |
| UVA, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 4.5 (3–7) | < 0.0001 | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 5 (3–7) | < 0.0001 |
| UVA ≥ 2, number (%) | 61 (21.9) | 47 (17.9) | 14 (85.7) | < 0.0001 | 48 (25.7) | 38 (21.6) | 10 (90.9) | < 0.0001 |
| UVA ≥ 5, number (%) | 13 (4.7) | 5 (1.9) | 8 (50.0) | < 0.0001 | 11 (5.9) | 5 (2.8) | 6 (54.5) | < 0.0001 |
IQR = interquartile range, MEWS = modified early warning score; qSOFA = quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SIRS = systemic inflammatory response syndrome; UVA = universal vital assessment.
*
Missing values for white blood cell count were 22, all in survivors.
†
HIV positives include one patient who was diagnosed during this admission; all others were previously known to be positive. HIV status was unknown in 259 cases. Only six patients were known to be HIV negative.