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. 2019 Jan 14;6:e6185. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6185

Table 4. Summary of several bacterial toxin build-in adjuvants listed in this paper.

Objective Advantages and characteristics Application example Reference
Heat labile toxins (HLT)

  1. B subunit of LT or the mutant form of LT can activate the dendritic cells and B and T lymphocytes.

  1. Fused the Heat-labile LTB with the linear B cell epitope of Aeromonas hydrophila outer membrane protein (OmpC) or two epitopes of Zairian Ebola virus GP1 protein.

 Rodrigues et al. (2011), Sharma et al. (2017), Rios-Huerta et al. (2017)
Cholera toxin (CT)

  1. CTB’s strong affinity to GM1 ganglioside receptor.

  2. Reduce the minimum concentration of antigens required for activation of immune cells.

  1. A multivalent epitope-based vaccine CWAE against h. pylori and anti-atherosclerosis multi-epitope vaccine.

  2. CTB-Human Mucin 1(MUC1) vaccine.

 Guo et al. (2017), Tourani, Karkhah & Najafi (2017)
Diphtheria toxin (DT)

  1. CRM197 is a mutant of DT, which can effectively combine and present peptides and rapidly activate CD4 T cells by multiplicity of Th1 and Th2 cytokines.

  2. The DTT is no safety hazard and contains four Th cell epitopes.

  3. DTT can form a turn-helix-turn structure completely exposed to the surface, which may be a potential site for insertion of exogenous epitopes.

  1. Several short B cell epitopes on the Her-2/neu protein were coupled with CRM197.

  2. The epitope of TNF-α is coupled to the insertion site of DTT, developed an anti TNF-α vaccine DTNF.

 Tobias et al. (2017), Zhang et al. (2016)
Tetanus toxoid (TT)

  1. TT has multiple CD4+ Th cell epitopes and associated memory Th subsets.

  2. Helper epitopes selected from Tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFrC).

  1. A new type of anti-gastrin vaccine.

  2. As the carrier protein of glycoconjugate vaccine.

  3. The anti-brucellosis multi-epitope vaccine and anti-atherosclerosis multi-epitope vaccine.

 Saadi, Karkhah & Nouri (2017), Broker (2016), Arcuri et al. (2017)
Anthrax toxin

  1. The N-terminal (the first 255 amino acids) of lethal factor (LF) of anthrax toxin termed LFn, retains protective antigen (PA)-binding and translocation capabilities but has no toxic activity.

  2. LFn has been used to transfer foreign proteins and peptides into the cytoplasm.

  1. A chicken ovalbumin (Ova) recombinant protein (LFn-Ova).

  2. LFn as the delivery carrier of ESAT-6 antigen.

 Wesche et al. (1998), Shaw & Starnbach (2008), Chandra et al. (2006)

Note:

The advantages and characteristics and some application examples of several bacterial toxin build-in adjuvants.