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Schematic of a classical-conditioning task. (A) Simulated thirsty mice receive a water reward ranging from 1 to 20 μL. Tone (CS) and reward (US) onsets are separated by 1.5 s. (B) Firing rates [mean ± standard-error (s.e.)] of optogenetically identified dopamine neurons in response to different sizes of unexpected reward. Adapted from Eshel et al. (2016). (C) Temporal profile of the phasic function Gτ(x(t)) (Equation 4) in response to a square input x(t).
