Virulence phenotype of rafR exchange mutants. Groups of 16 mice were infected intranasally with 108 CFU of the indicated strain. At 24 h, all mice from each group were euthanized and numbers of pneumococci in the indicated tissues/sites were quantitated (see Materials and Methods). Viable counts (total CFU per tissue) are shown for each mouse at each site; horizontal bars indicate the geometric mean (GM) CFU for each group; the broken line indicates the threshold for detection. Differences in GM bacterial loads between groups are indicated by asterisks: *, P < 0.05, **, P < 0.01, and ****, P < 0.0001, by unpaired t test.