Table 1.
Genes with significant changes in DNA methylation (p-value <0.05, methylation change >5%) that are involved in reproduction, RNA regulation, or epigenetic regulation.
| Gene symbol | Full gene name | Role | Methylated sites | DMRs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reproduction | ||||
| bambia | BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor a | Conserved in trout/mice spermatogenesis | 2 | |
| chrna4b | Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 4b | Involved in signal transduction during spermatogenesis and sperm motility | 1 | |
| clcn2a∧ | Chloride channel, voltage-sensitive 2a | KO mice develop sterility | 1 | 2 |
| dnaja2 | DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member A2 | Involved in spermiogenesis and androgen signaling | 2 | |
| dync2li1 | Dynein, cytoplasmic 2, light intermediate chain 1 | Associated with testis abnormalities | 2 | |
| elavl1 | ELAV like RNA binding protein 1 | Deletion can lead to male sterility; critical to spermatogenesis | 4 | |
| fmr1∧ | Fragile X mental retardation 1 | Regulates DNA damage response during spermatogenesis | 2 | 6 |
| lztfl1 | Leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 | Non-sense mutations can lead to hypogenitalism, micropenis, atrophic testes | 2 | |
| mc4r | Melanocortin 4 receptor | Involved in hyperinsulinemia, LH release, ovulation; KO leads to infertility | 1 | |
| ndufc2∧ | NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C2 | Impacts fertility through involvement in the electron transport chain | 1 | 2 |
| nr1h3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 | Transcription factor involved in the regulation of testis physiology | 3 | |
| stoml2∧ | Stomatin like 2 | Impacts fertility through mitochondrial biogenesis | 4 | 7 |
| RNA regulation | ||||
| dhx36∧ | DEAH-box helicase 36 | mRNA degradation, deadenylation; binds/resolves RNA/DNA quadruplex | 1 | 2 |
| fmr1∧ | Fragile X mental retardation 1 | Involved in RNA nuclear export | 2 | 6 |
| klf15 | Kruppel like factor 15 | Transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II proximal promoter | 1 | |
| pym1∧ | PYM homolog 1 | Involved in mRNA export, non-sense-mediated mRNA decay, and translation | 3 | 3 |
| Epigenetic regulation | ||||
| eya3 | EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 3 | Dephosphorylates H2AX | 1 | |
| riox1 | Ribosomal oxygenase 1 | Histone demethylase | 2 | |
| wdr5 | WD repeat domain 5 | Histone methyltransferase; interacts in complex with setd1a/1b | 1 | |
∧indicates genes associated with both individual methylation sites and one or more DMRs.