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. 2019 Jan 17;9:172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36890-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dietary emulsifiers promote physiological changes consistent with metabolic syndrome. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1%) for 12 weeks. (A) There was a main effect of treatment with emulsifiers on fat-pad mass [F_(2,29) = 12.48, p < 0.001]. There is also a main effect of sex on adiposity such that males had greater fat mass than did females F_(1,29) = 7.65, p < 0.01]. Post-hoc comparisons indicate that both CMC and P80 increased fat mass in females, but in males only CMC treatment increased fat mass compared to respective water-treated controls (*p < 0.05). (B) There was a significant interaction of emulsifier treatment and sex on colon weights [F_(2,29) = 3.383, p < 0.05], with post-hoc comparisons indicating that P80 treatment significantly reduced colon weights in female compared to water-treated controls (*p < 0.05). (C) Emulsifier treatment also had a significant main effect on colon lengths in male and female mice [F_(2,29) = 28.70, p < 0.0001] such that females treated with both emulsifiers and males treated with P80 had significantly shorter colons compared to their respective water-treated controls (*p < 0.05). (D) There was a significant main effect of both emulsifier consumption [F_(2,29) = 5.312, p < 0.05] and sex on spleen weights [F_(1,29) = 43.31, p < 0.0001]. Post-hoc comparisons indicate that treatment with both CMC and P80 increased spleen weight compared to water-controls in males, but not females (*p < 0.05). Data are represented as means + SEM (n = 5–6).