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. 2019 Jan 17;9:172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36890-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dietary emulsifiers alter neuropeptide immunoreactivity in male and female mice. (A) There was a main effect of emulsifier consumption on agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-immunoreactivity (IR) in the arcuate nucleus in both male and female mice [F_(2,29) = 4.689, p < 0.05], driven, in part, by the significant increase following consumption of CMC in males (*p < 0.05). (B) There was a main effect of sex on AgRP-IR in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) [F_(1,29) = 7.494, p < 0.05], such that males had more AgRP-IR than females. In addition, post-hoc analysis indicated that consumption of emulsifiers significantly increased AgRP-IR in the PVT of males (*p < 0.05). (C) Emulsifiers reduced α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (αMSH)-IR in the PVT in male and female mice [F_(2,29) = 12.98, p < 0.001]. In addition, there was also a main effect of sex with females having more αMSH-IR than males [F_(1,29) = 14.42, p < 0.001]. Data are represented as means + SEM (n = 5–6).