Table 1.

Characteristics of study subjects.

Indicators	Healthy (n = 35)	COPD GOLD1 + 2 (n = 38)	COPD GOLD3 + 4 (n = 53)	P-value
Age, yr	63.9 ± 6.5	68.2 ± 8.8a	68.51 ± 6.8a	0.011
Male, %	12 (34.3)	36 (94.7)	50 (94.3)	<0.001#
BMI, kg/m2	23.9 ± 3.3	23.6 ± 3.6	24 ± 4.3	0.874
Smoke status				<0.001#
Smoking, N (%)	5 (14.3)	9 (23.7)	15 (28.3)
Never smoke, N (%)	27 (77.1)	7 (18.4)	10 (18.9)
Ex-smoking, N (%)	3 (8.6)	22 (57.9)	28 (52.8)
Steroid treatment				<0.001#
Without, N (%)	35 (100)	16 (42.1)	14 (26.4)
With, N (%)@	0 (0)	22 (57.9)	39 (73.6)
Pulmonary Function Tests
FEV1, %predicted	92.8 ± 14.7	60.1 ± 8.5a	34.28 ± 9.5a,b	<0.001
FVC, %predicted	90.3 ± 15.3	79.3 ± 13.5a	57.7 ± 14.4a,b	<0.001
FEV1/FVC, %predicted	83.0 ± 5.0	59.7 ± 8.3a	47.4 ± 9.8a,b	<0.001
Haptoglobin, mg/dl	126.8 ± 63.0	262.3 ± 84.7a	273.29 ± 93a	<0.001
Haptoglobin phenotype				0.038
Hp1-1, mg/dl	75.0 ± 14.1	184.8 ± 90.0	180.0 ± 35.0	0.199
Hp2-1, mg/dl	135.4 ± 73.3	242.0 ± 76.0a	240.9 ± 100.2a	<0.050
Hp2-2, mg/dl	130.5 ± 56.3	318.5 ± 58.5c	300.9 ± 82.7c	<0.001
IL-6, pg/ml	4.38 ± 0.8	14.68 ± 4.8a	15.79 ± 6.1a	<0.001
CRP, mg/dl	0.1 ± 0.07	0.31 ± 0.32a	0.58 ± 0.7a	<0.001
8-isoprostane, pg/ml	50.5 ± 14.2	114.3 ± 51.3a	120.9 ± 78.6a	<0.001

Notes: Data are presented as % or mean ± SD; ^aP < 0.05 versus Healthy control; ^bP < 0.05 versus GOLD1 + 2; ^cP < 0.001 versus Healthy control;

^#Analysis of chi-square test; ^@inhaled steroid COPD GOLD1 + 2 n = 22, COPD GOLD3 + 4 n = 35, systemic steroid COPD GOLD1 + 2 n = 0, COPD.

GOLD3 + 4 n = 4; Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; GOLD, Global initiative for Chronic.

Obstructive Lung Disease; FEV₁, Forced expiratory volume in first second; FVC, Forced vital capacity; IL-6, Interleukin-6; CRP, C-Reactive Protein.