Table 3.
Summary of the investigated strategies to obtain improved antiviral defense in insects and in economically relevant crustacean species.
| Species | In vivo/in vitro | Virus | Strategy | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. mellifera, the western honeybee | In vivo | IAPV | Oral delivery of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower mortality; lower viral transcript levels | Maori et al., 2009 |
| A. mellifera, the western honeybee | In vivo - colonies | IAPV | Oral delivery of Remebee-I (a IAPV-specific dsRNA product) | Florida colony: higher bee population per hive; higher adult forager activity; higher hive total weight gain (honey); Pennsylvania colony: higher hive total weight gain (honey); lower Nosema levels. | Hunter et al., 2010 |
| A. mellifera, the western honeybee | In vivo | DWV | Oral delivery of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower proportion of adult bees with deformed wings; lower viral transcript levels; adult survival was not affected | Desai et al., 2012 |
| A. mellifera, the western honeybee | In vivo | SINV-GFP | Injection of virus-specific and unspecific dsRNA | Lower viral abundance | Flenniken and Andino, 2013 |
| A. mellifera, the western honeybee | In vivo | SINV-GFP | Injection of virus-specific and unspecific dsRNA | Lower viral abundance | Brutscher et al., 2017 |
| A. cerana, the eastern honeybee | In vivo | CSBV | Oral delivery of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower larvae mortality; lower viral transcript levels | Liu et al., 2010 |
| A. Cerana, the eastern honeybee | In vivo | CSBV | Oral delivery of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower larvae mortality; lower viral transcript levels | Zhang et al., 2016 |
| B. terrestris, the bumblebee | In vivo | IAPV | Oral delivery of virus-specific and unspecific dsRNA | Lower viral transcript levels in the head | Piot et al., 2015 |
| Tenebrio molitor, the mealworm beetle | In vivo | AcNPV-GFP | Injection of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower mortality | Valdes et al., 2003 |
| Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm | In vitro – Sf21 cells | AcNPV-GFP | Transfection with virus-specific dsRNA | Reduced fluorescence; lower viral protein levels; lower viral transcript levels; lower amount of viral particles; reduced cell morphological changes | Valdes et al., 2003 |
| B. mori, the silkworm | In vitro – BmN cells | BmNPV | Expression (transient transfection) of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower virus titer in the cell culture medium | Isobe et al., 2004 |
| B. mori, the silkworm | In vitro – BmN cells | BmNPV | Expression (constitutive transfection) of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower virus titer in the cell culture medium; lower viral transcript levels in the cells | Isobe et al., 2004 |
| B. mori, the silkworm | In vivo | BmNPV | Transgenic animals expressing virus-specific dsRNA | Reduced levels of viral DNA in the hemolymph | Isobe et al., 2004 |
| Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm | In vitro – Sf9 cells | AcNPV | Expression (constitutive transfection) of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower virus titer in the cell culture medium; reduced OBs in the cells | Kanginakudru et al., 2007 |
| B. mori, the silkworm | In vivo | BmNPV and GFP-BmNPV | Transgenic animals expressing virus-specific dsRNA | Lower mortality; reduced levels of OBs in the hemolymph; reduced fluorescence; reduced viral protein levels; lower viral transcript levels | Kanginakudru et al., 2007 |
| B. mori, the silkworm | In vivo | BmNPV | Transgenic animals expressing single or multiple virus-specific dsRNAs (targeting different genes) | Lower mortality rates; lower levels of OBs in the hemolymph; lower viral DNA levels; reduced viral protein levels | Subbaiah et al., 2013 |
| B. mori, the silkworm | In vivo | BmCPV | Transgenic animals expressing single or multiple virus-specific dsRNAs (targeting different genes) | Lower mortality rates; lower viral transcript levels | Jiang et al., 2017 |
| T. ni, the cabbage looper | In vitro – High five cells | CrPV | Expression (transient transfection) of BmDicer2 and BmArgonaute2 | Reduced cell mortality | Santos et al., 2018 |
| Litopenaeus vannamei, the pacific white leg shrimp | In vivo | TSV and WSSV | Injection of unspecific dsRNA | Lower mortality; lower accumulation of viral particles; lower levels of tissue damage. | Robalino et al., 2004 |
| Litopenaeus vannamei, the pacific white leg shrimp | In vivo | WSSV | Injection of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower mortality | Robalino et al., 2005 |
| Litopenaeus vannamei, the pacific white leg shrimp | In vivo | WSSV | Injection of unspecific dsRNA of multiple sizes (50–200 bp) | Lower mortality | Labreuche et al., 2010 |
| Litopenaeus vannamei, the pacific white leg shrimp | In vivo | WSSV | Injection of virus-specific and unspecific dsRNA | Lower mortality | Bartholomay et al., 2012 |
| Penaeus monodon, the Asian tiger shrimp | In vitro – Oka cells | YHV | Transfection of virus-specific and unspecific dsRNA | Reduced cytopathic effects; lower viral transcript levels in the cell medium; lower viral protein levels | Tirasophon et al., 2005 |
| Penaeus monodon, the Asian tiger shrimp | In vivo | YHV | Injection of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower viral transcript levels; reduced mortality | Yodmuang et al., 2006 |
| Penaeus monodon, the Asian tiger shrimp | In vivo | YHV | Injection of unspecific dsRNA | Lower mortality | Yodmuang et al., 2006 |
| Penaeus monodon, the Asian tiger shrimp | In vivo | DNV | Injection of virus-specific dsRNA | Lower viral DNA levels | Attasart et al., 2010 |
IAPV, Israel Acute Paralysis Virus; DWV, Deformed Wing Virus; SINV, Sindbis Virus; CSBV, Chinese Sacbrood Virus; NPV, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus; CPV, Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus; CrPV, Cricket Paralysis Virus; TSV, Taura Syndrome Virus; WSSV, White Spot Syndrome Virus; YHV, Yellow Head Virus; DNV, Densovirus; GFP, Green Fluorescence Protein; OBs, Occlusion Bodies; Ac, Autographa californica; Bm, B. mori.