Table 11.
Noradrenaline levels during naturally occurring sleep stages.
| Noradrenaline-Sleep | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Animals | L/D Cycle | Brain Region | Noradrenaline Levels |
| Orosco et al (1995) [104] | Rats | 6h–18h | PVN/VMN | 1st day: W: high, SWS: low, REM: intermediate 2nd day W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Nicolaidis et al (2001) A [105] | Rats | ? | PVN/VMN | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low. If SWS followed by W or REM: increase, while if REM or W is followed by SWS: decrease |
| Lyamin et al (2016) B [127] | Seals | 8h–20h | Hypothalamus | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Shouse et al (2000) a 1 [106] | Cats | ? | Amygdala | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Shouse et al (2000) b 1 [130] | Cats | ? | Amygdala | W: high, SWS: low |
| Shouse et al (2001) a 1 [107] | Cats | ? | Amygdala | W: high, SWS: low |
| Shouse et al (2001) b 1 [108] | Cats | ? | Amygdala | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Park et al (2002) [131] | Rats | 7h–19h | Amygdala | W: high, SWS: low, REM: lower |
| Shouse et al (2000) a 2 [106] | Cats | ? | Locus Coeruleus | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Shouse et al (2000) b 2 [130] | Cats | ? | Locus Coeruleus | W: high, Sleep: low |
| Shouse et al (2001) a 2 [107] | Cats | ? | Locus Coeruleus | W: high, Sleep: low |
| Shouse et al (2001) b 2 [108] | Cats | ? | Locus Coeruleus | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Bellesi et al (2016) A1 | Mice | 8h–20h | Medial Prefrontal Cortex | W: high, Sleep: low |
| Lena et al (2005) 1 [109] | Rats | 8h–20h | Medial Prefrontal Cortex | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| De Saint Hilaire et al (2000) [110] | Rats | 6h–18h | Prefrontal Cortex | W: lower, SWS: high (relatively stable) |
| Lena et al (2005) 2 [109] | Rats | 8h–20h | Nucleus Accumbens | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low |
| Lapierre et al (2013) b [132] | Seals | ? | Cortex | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low. |
| Lyamin et al (2016) A [127]* | Seals | 8h–20h | Occipital cortex, frontal cortex | W: high, SWS: intermediate, REM: low. Same decrease was seen in seals specific sleep stages (USWS (right and left), BSWS) |
| Bellesi et al (2016) A2 | Mice | 8h–20h | M1 | W: high, Sleep: low |
Each row represents one study (i.e. an experimental group within a publication) and a qualitative description of the results. Fluctuations are described as “higher” and “lower” disregarding actual magnitudes of changes. Rows are sorted by brain region. Lower case letters indicate separate publications from the same authors in the same year; upper cases letters represent separate groups within publications; numbers represent separate brain regions within animals. * These studies provided average monoamine concentrations pooled for several brain regions.
Abbreviations: W: Wake; SWS: Slow Wave Sleep; REM: Rapid Eye Movements Sleep; PVN: Paraventricular Nucleus; VMN: Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus; M1: Primary Motor Cortex.