Table 1.

Application of proteomic technologies to discover and identify prospective biomarkers for periodontal diseases in gingival crevicular fluid.

Study	Methodology	Number of Identified Proteins	Candidate Protein Biomarkers of Periodontal Disease	Ref.
Carina et al., 2013	Gel-free: LC-MS/MS	230 proteins	Immune responses as Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig gamma-3 chain C region, Lactoferroxin-C, Lactrotransferrin, Leukocyte elastase inhibitor, Apolipoprotein E, Alpha-1 antitrypsin, Annexin, Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, Cathepsin G, Coronin-1A, Dermcidin isoform 2, Heat shock protein beta-1, Myeloperoxidase, Neutrophil defensin 3, S100 A8, S100 A9, Myosin 9, Annexin A1	[46]
Wellington et al., 2014	Gel-free: LC-MS/MS	2789 proteins	Exosomal proteins	[56]
Leandro et al., 2014	Gel-free: LC-MS/MS, stable isotope-labeling reagents, isotope-coded affinity tag, mTRAQ	238 proteins	Host-derived Ig α-2 chain C, Kallikrein-4, S100A9, Transmembrane proteinase 13, Peptidase S1 domain, Collagens, Pathogenic bacterial proteins	[74]
Huynh et al., 2014	1D-PAGE: LC-MS/MS	121 proteins	Cystatins B and S, Immunoglobulins, Keratin proteins, Fibronectin, Lactotransferrin precursor, 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta, Neutrophil defensin 3, α-actinin	[53]
Ozeki et al., 2016	Gel-free: GC/MS	19 metabolites	Putrescine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Ribose, Taurine, 5-aminovaleric acid, Galactose	[48]
Moriya et al., 2017	Gel-free: LC-MS/MS, iTRAQ technique	62 proteins	Neutrophil-derived proteins, Myeloperoxidase, Lactoferrin,	[73]
Batschkus et al., 2018	1D-PAGE: LC-MS/MS	317 proteins	Azurocidin, Cathepsin B, Mitogen-activated protein kinases, Coronin 1A, MMP-9	[42]
Yaprak et al., 2018	2-DE; MALDI-TOF/TOF	47 proteins	14-3-3 protein sigma, Protein DJ-1, α-enolase, Triosephosphate isomerase, Superoxide dismutase, Peroxiredoxin-1, Protein S100-A9, Galectin-7, Annexin A2/A4, Carbonic anhydrase 1, Chaperone proteins	[55]